Interview with Matthew - the Stained Glass and Lead Light Maker

Matthew Waters • 4 February 2024

So Matthew, tell us how and why you got involved in stained glass and leadlight design and construction?

 

Back at school, I always favoured the artistic and creative lessons - be it woodwork or metalwork and these were twinned with my love of art.  I then went into self-employment from school - much of which involved general property maintenance and restoration. About 24 years ago, I realised I wanted something more artistic and creative in my work life which is when I came across a small stained glass studio that was exhibiting work in Wales – that was my ‘eureka’ moment!  From that time on, I knew that this was the avenue that I wanted to go down and I was fortunate to already have a workshop set up which was soon modified to accommodate my new skill.  I spent time with another stained glass studio in order to develop the skills needed and from that point on I've just been very fortunate to have never really had an occasion when there wasn't a project on the workbench.

Can you tell us what enjoyable projects you’ve worked on?

 

To be honest, all my projects are enjoyable but the ones which give me the most satisfaction is when an entranceway, which has lost its original stained glass features and has subsequently been glazed with a non-descript frosted glass, gets to have a makeover. This means I have to determine what that original stained glass feature might have looked like – drawing clues from adjacent properties or other research methods. The enjoyment I get on installing these beautiful stained glass panels in to the door, knowing that I’ve designed and made them, is really satisfying.

 

Work on leaded light windows is equally as fulfilling as these windows are always in old, historic Grade I, II or II* listed buildings where conservation is paramount. Often the glass that's contained in the lead light windows is of historical note – it might have distortions, air ‘seeds’ or other imperfections to the eye but these are intrinsic of very old, handcrafted, mouth blown glass. Sometimes the glass has been inscribed with a maker’s mark from hundreds of years ago and it’s so fascinating to be working on something so aged.

 

A possible "Maker's Mark" Dated to 1747

Are you able to create a stained glass window from an idea or sketch?

 

Yes I’m always happy to work with any suggestions or ideas that a client may have. Some designs may require alterations to ensure that all the shaped pieces of glass are able to be cut out and that the design doesn’t have potential weak points which could fracture. I can also advise on design ideas if the client is unsure what they want and need some direction.

 

What are your lead times?

 

This can vary depending on the work involved. A small in situ repair to a broken pane can usually be carried out within 1 – 2 weeks, whereas a more sizeable commission such as a series of entranceway panels or several lead light windows is likely to be around 8 – 10 weeks. I always inform the client when I accept the commission, what my current lead times are and keep them updated as the project progresses.

 

Can I visit you at your workshop/gallery?

 

Of course! I always encourage a client to visit - especially if they want to look through my glass stocks for particular colours and textures of glass. It’s a good opportunity to discuss design options and answer any further questions. My workshop is a working studio but has a comfortable area set aside for client visits. It’s always advisable to contact me to make a specific appointment to visit.

 

Glass and Lead Stock Selection

What are your prices?

Each and every commission whether new panels, new lead lights or repairs are different so prices will be on application. However, I always ensure that once a costing is provided, then the client can be confident that the price quoted is the final amount.

 

Do you install the panels or is this something I can do myself?

 

Yes, I can install both stained glass features as well as fitting lead light windows – this will often involve chasing out the existing glass so is not necessarily a task I would recommend a client tackling unless they’re confident. When freshly made, stained glass panels and lead light windows are surprisingly rigid and robust so I will talk the client through the process if they wish to do the installation themselves but I always stress that this is at their own risk. If the preferred option is for me to install then the price for fitting will be on application.

 

Do you carry out work on churches and cathedrals?

 

No is the short answer – churches generally have dedicated ‘ecclesiastical’ craftsmen who specialise in working on religious buildings. I centre my work around private homes and period properties.

Some tools of my trade (From Left to Right): Trusty lead knife, Rooster Fid, Diamond Glass cutter, Grozling pliers, horse shoe nails and hammer for holding the glass and lead secure during construction. 

I have a lead light window on a metal casement installed within a wooden frame badly in need of repair to all the components – do you get involved in the woodwork and metalwork needed?

 

If a metal casement window is missing a handle or it’s become detached, I have the facility to be able to remedy this. Woodwork repairs to sills and mullions are also something that I can factor in depending on the level of deterioration. If more extensive rebuilding work of the wooden frame is needed, then I can call on the expertise of a number of local conservation joiners.



Thank you Matthew for this interview, where can we find more information about your many projects?


You're welcome, please head to my Gallery page at www.leadlightgallery.co.uk/gallery.

Stone window with three diamond-paned panes, framed by red curtains and patterned fabric walls.
by Matthew Waters 23 June 2026
Breathing New Life into Historic Glass Few architectural features capture the character and heritage of an historic castle quite like its lead light windows. Their intricate patterns, handcrafted glass panes, and centuries-old lead cames tell stories of the people who lived, worked, and sought refuge within the castle walls. However, time, weather and structural movement inevitably take their toll. An ongoing restoration project at an historic local castle is providing an opportunity to preserve these remarkable windows for future generations. The work combines traditional craftsmanship with modern conservation techniques, ensuring that the windows retain their authenticity while improving their durability and performance. Understanding Lead Light Windows Lead light windows originated because it wasn’t possible – with glass manufacturing in its infancy – to create large panes of glass. Only small pieces could be created, necessitating a way to conjoin them to create windows for a larger opening. Lead light windows are constructed from small pieces of glass - known as ‘quarries’ - are held together by strips of lead known as cames. Unlike modern glazing systems, these windows were assembled by hand, often featuring unique shapes, colours, and decorative patterns. Historically, leaded windows offered several advantages: Flexibility within stone structures that naturally moved over time The ability to create decorative geometric designs Easier replacement of damaged individual panes Enhanced character and craftsmanship compared to plain glazing Many castle windows date back hundreds of years, making them valuable historic artefacts as well as functional building elements. Assessing the Condition Before any restoration work could begin, a detailed survey was carried out across the castle's lead light windows. Common issues identified included: Lead Fatigue Over decades and centuries, lead becomes weaker and less able to support the glass. Several window panels show signs of bowing and distortion caused by tired lead cames. Cracked and Missing Glass Exposure to weather, accidental impacts and thermal stress have resulted in numerous cracked or missing panes. Corrosion Lead oxidation and corrosion around saddle bars and fixings have weakened some sections of the glazing. Previous Repairs Like many historic buildings, the castle has undergone repairs over the years. Some were sympathetic, while others involved inappropriate materials that accelerated deterioration. Water Ingress Failed waterproofing and deteriorated putty allow moisture penetration, leading to staining and further structural issues. The Importance of Conservation Principles One of the key objectives of the project is to preserve as much original material as possible. Conservation-led restoration differs significantly from replacement. Rather than installing entirely new windows, as specialists we focus on: · Retaining original glass wherever possible · Preserving historic craftsmanship · Documenting every stage of the process · Using traditional materials and techniques · Ensuring any interventions remained reversible This approach protects the historical significance of the windows while maintaining the castle's authenticity. Careful Removal and Documentation Each lead light panel is carefully removed from its stone opening. Before removal: Detailed photographs are taken Measurements are recorded Glass patterns are mapped Existing damage is documented This information creates a permanent conservation record and ensures that every panel can be accurately reassembled and returned to its original position. Given the age and fragility of the windows, transportation to our restoration workshop requires specialist protective packaging and handling procedures. Cleaning the Historic Glass Once in the workshop, we begin the delicate process of cleaning. Centuries of accumulated dirt, soot and environmental deposits often obscure the beauty of historic glass. However, aggressive cleaning can damage fragile surfaces and remove valuable evidence of age. As a restoration team we use: · Soft natural-bristle brushes · Distilled water solutions · Conservation-grade cleaning materials · Gentle hand-cleaning techniques As layers of grime were removed, the original colours and textures of the glass become visible once again. Re-leading and Structural Repairs Many of the original lead cames have reached the end of their serviceable life. Where necessary, panels are dismantled and re-leaded using lead profiles that exactly match the historic originals. This stage involves: · Carefully removing each piece of glass · Cleaning and inspecting every pane · Rebuilding the panel using new lead cames · Soldering joints by hand · Waterproofing the assembly with traditional glazing cement The result is a structurally sound panel that remains visually faithful to the original craftsmanship. Glass Conservation and Replacement One of the most rewarding aspects of the project is preserving original glass wherever possible. Cracked panes are repaired using specialist conservation techniques when feasible. Where replacement is unavoidable, glass is selected to match: · Colour · Texture · Thickness · Light transmission characteristics Modern float glass is avoided because its appearance differs significantly from historic hand-made glass. The goal is to ensure that new pieces blend seamlessly with surviving original material. Irregular Stone Openings Centuries of settlement often leave openings slightly distorted. Each restored panel requires careful adjustment to ensure a secure fit. Access Difficulties Many windows are located in towers, stairwells, and elevated sections of the castle, requiring specialised access equipment. Heritage Requirements All work needs to comply with conservation guidelines and heritage regulations, ensuring the building's historic significance remains protected. Balancing Preservation and Performance Achieving modern standards of protection while respecting historic authenticity demanded careful planning and specialist expertise. The Results The restored lead light panels transform the appearance of the castle. Visitors can now appreciate: · Brighter, clearer historic glass · Restored geometric lead patterns · Improved structural stability · Enhanced weather resistance · Greater appreciation of the building's craftsmanship Perhaps most importantly, the restored windows continue to tell the story of the castle's past while remaining functional for generations to come. Why Lead Light Restoration Matters Historic windows are far more than building components. They are tangible links to the skills, materials and traditions of earlier generations. When properly restored, lead light windows can continue serving their original purpose for many decades. Conservation work helps preserve local heritage, supports traditional crafts and maintains the unique character that makes historic castles such treasured landmarks. As this castle restoration demonstrates, careful conservation is not simply about repairing old windows—it is about safeguarding history itself. Conclusion The restoration of the lead light windows at this historic local castle highlights the value of skilled craftsmanship and thoughtful conservation. Through detailed assessment, meticulous repair and respect for traditional methods, the project is preserving an important part of the castle's architectural heritage.  These restored windows now stand as a testament to centuries of craftsmanship, allowing visitors to experience the castle much as its original occupants would have done. In preserving the past, the restoration ensures that future generations can continue to admire and learn from these remarkable examples of historic glazing.
by Beki Waters 17 March 2026
How my journey started...
Repairing a stained glass or lead light panel
by Matthew Waters 27 January 2024
“I was on my ride-on mower and went over a golf ball which then flew into my lead light door – shattering the glass and distorting the lead.” “Someone attempted (and failed) to break in through my stained glass front door and it’s now damaged” “My dog has jumped up at the lead light door and its claws have distorted the lead and the panel is now bowing” “My teenage son left the house in a mood – slamming the front door behind him and breaking a number of panes of glass in the process” These are just some of the scenarios that clients have approached me about over the 23+ years I have worked as a stained glass artist and lead light maker/restorer. My first words to the clients are always of reassurance that what is now broken can be fixed. The techniques I have developed and mastered enable me to effect a repair that is very often imperceptible – even to the trained eye.
Stained glass has a history which goes back thousands of years
by Matthew Waters 25 January 2024
Stained glass has a history which goes back thousands of years and stained glass windows in Britain can be dated back to the 7th century. Glass as a material, appears to have first been used in windows by the Romans and later, the Anglo Saxons developed the Medieval art form where coloured glass and lead were combined to create decorative windows in churches and cathedrals.
Stained glass, a traditional art form with a rich history, is making a striking comeback
by Simon Edward 25 January 2024
Stained glass, a traditional art form with a rich history, is making a striking comeback in contemporary home design. Today's homeowners are finding innovative ways to incorporate this timeless craft into modern aesthetics, proving that stained glass is as versatile as it is beautiful.
Stained glass is not just a visual delight
by Simon Edward 25 January 2024
Stained glass is not just a visual delight; it's a kaleidoscope of colours that can influence emotions and atmospheres in any space. Understanding the psychology behind these colours can transform the way we incorporate stained glass in our homes.